Belgian scientists unveil 'cotton candy' exoplanet defying explanation

The newly discovered planet, WASP-193b, is more significant than Jupiter by half but is seven times lighter. The dominance of hydrogen and helium in its composition means it has an extremely low density, comparable to cotton candy. This turns out to be extremely rare. So, how can the stable existence of such a planet be explained?

Khalid Barkaoui, the publication's lead author, stated that WASP-139b is the second least dense planet identified so far, right after Kepler-51d, which is, however, much smaller. He also noted that its extremely low density is somewhat of an anomaly among the over five thousand exoplanets identified. He emphasized that it is difficult to explain such a low density using standard models of irradiated gas giants, even assuming the most optimistic scenarios and a lack of an internal core.

This discovery was made possible thanks to the international Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) study. Researchers used automated telescopes located around the world, which provided the right conditions for identifying the planet. It was determined that WASP-193b completes a full orbit around its parent star, WASP-193, within 6.25 days.

The team from the University of Liège utilized the TRAPPIST-South, SPECULOOS-South observatories and the European Southern Observatory, located in Chile, in their research. The density of WASP-193b turned out to be only 0.105 grams per cubic centimetre (approximately 0.004 ounces per cubic inch). For such a giant planet, this is a scarce result. In comparison, Jupiter, the most giant planet in our Solar System, has a density of 1.33 grams per cubic centimetre (approximately 0.047 ounces per cubic inch). Scientists have pointed out that the only material with a density comparable to this exoplanet is cotton candy.

This planet has a density comparable to cotton candy in the structure of both these materials. While cotton candy is almost entirely made up of air, this planet is, simply put, incredibly fluffy. That's how the scientists explain it.

Experts emphasize that WASP-193b mainly comprises hydrogen and helium, typical for gas giants. However, in this case, these gases form an extensive atmosphere that stretches much further than Jupiter's atmosphere. We cannot explain this today, even using all existing theories.

Researchers believe that ensuring stability to this planetary structure requires significant amounts of internal energy. However, no one knows the source of this energy.

Dr. Barkaoui summarized that WASP-193b is a cosmic mystery that requires further observational and theoretical research. A detailed analysis of the atmosphere, possible thanks to the James Webb Telescope, and its comparison with theoretical mechanisms that could explain its inflation is necessary to understand this phenomenon.