Ancient refuge unearthed: Saudi lava tunnel's 7,000-year human legacy

Scientists believe a lava tunnel in Saudi Arabia was a refuge for our ancestors for nearly 7,000 years, though it wasn't their permanent home. The reasons behind their temporary stays are now coming to light.

Recent interdisciplinary archaeological research in Saudi Arabia has led to new insights into the evolution of local communities despite the challenges posed by the poor preservation of archaeological sites and organic materials.

Researchers from Griffith University’s Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution have made a significant discovery during their study of underground formations like caves and lava tunnels, which remain largely unexplored and could hold key information about ancient cultures.

Through meticulous excavation, the team uncovered numerous signs of human activity in the well-known Umm Jirsan lava tunnel, which dates back approximately 10,000 and 3,500 years.

- “Our findings at Umm Jirsan provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ancient peoples in Arabia, revealing repeated phases of human occupation and shedding light on the pastoralist activities that once thrived in this landscape,” Mathew Stewart said in a discussion with PLOS ONE. “This site likely served as a crucial waypoint along pastoral routes, linking key oases and facilitating cultural exchange and trade.” the expert added.

Scientists found animal remains and rock paintings of sheep, goats, cattle, and dogs, offering a clear view of life in and around the tunnel.

The isotopic analysis of these remains shows that the animals grazed on wild grass and bushes while humans enjoyed a protein-rich diet. A shift towards more plant consumption among humans suggests developing a culture centred around oases.

- “While underground localities are globally significant in archaeology and Quaternary science, our research represents the first comprehensive study of its kind in Saudi Arabia,” noted Prof. Michael Petraglia, a research team member. “These findings underscore the immense potential for interdisciplinary investigations in caves and lava tubes, offering a unique window into Arabia's ancient past,” he explained.