U.S. strategies for military satellite refueling in orbit – a positive step towards adaptability

The American Space Systems Command (SSC) has opted for a solution that enables military satellites to refuel whilst in Earth's orbit.

The successful proposal was put forward by Northrop Grumman; they designed a space distributor. This allows satellites to refuel from it via a new kind of standard connector (PRM, Passive Refuelling Module), which is commonly used by all satellites under SSC's control.

Suggesting a preferred interface promotes standardization, ensuring that various manufacturers can produce space equipment able to utilize SSC's infrastructure in orbit. Why is this decision by the Space Systems Command so significant?

By doing so, the Americans are tackling one of the primary challenges that restrict the operational capacity of satellites in Earth's orbit. Most such entities move in fixed orbits, using propulsion mostly for position correction. Military satellites, however, require maneuverability – for situations such as approaching another satellite, data theft or inflicting physical damage.

The problem is that maneuvering drains fuel quickly, rendering further effective operations impossible. This then means that an expensive satellite effectively becomes single-use equipment. This is especially true when considering the properties of the fuel, typically highly toxic and dangerous hydrazine.

Consequently, the SSC strives to construct a space facility where it will be safe to store fuel reserves for satellites operating in geosynchronous orbit.

The contract for devising a project for a facility – dubbed GAS-T (Geosynchronous Auxiliary Support Tanker) – was awarded to Northrop Grumman. The space fuel station is expected to be able to hold up to around 1,000 kilograms (rounded) of hydrazine in orbit, as well as facilitate maintenance work, thus extending the lifespan of satellites.